PHYSIOLOGY (
Important 5,10,15 Marks
Question & Question bank
C.V.S.
Long Questions.
1. Define
cardiac cycle & describe various events taking place in
it
2. Describe
volume changes during cardiac cycle
3. Describe
cardiac cycle.
4. Describe
left ventricular pressure & volume changes
5. Describe
various phases of cardiac cycle in correlation with the left ventricular
pressure changes
6. What
is cardiac output? Enumerate different methods used to estimate it Describe any
one method in details
7. Enumerate
various factors affecting it
8. Enumerate
different parts of junctional tissues of heart Describe in details
production & propagation of cardiac impulse
,
9. What
is heart rate? Give its physiological variations& describe how it is
regulated
10. Describe regulation
of blood volume & describe any one
method to measure
it clinically
11. Define Electrocardiogram.
Describe the different components of a normal E.C.G. recorded in lead II
12. Define Blood pressure
Explain short & long term regulation of blood pressure
13. What is blood pressure?
Describe how it is measured clinically Enumerate the physiological variations
in blood pressure.
14. What is blood pressure?
15. Explain role of sino
aortic reflex in regulation of B.P.
16. What is sino aortic
reflex? Describe how it is studied experimentally. Enumerate its effects
on cardio-respiratory mechanisms
17. What is shock? Describe
compensatory & non-compensatory mechanisms operating in circulatory shock.
18. Cerebral circulation
19. Coronary circulation
20. Heart sounds
21. First heart sound
22. Junctional tissues of
heart
23. Cardiac action potential
24. Auscultatory areas of
heart
25. Neural control of blood
pressure
26. Action potential in
ventricular muscle
27. Volumes changes in left
ventricle
28. Pressure changes in left
ventricle
29. Pressure changes in left
ventricle during systole
30. Pressure changes in left
ventricle during cardiac cycle
Short Notes
1. Pulmonary
circulation
2. Arterial
pulse
3. Venous
place tracing
4. A.V.Node
5. S.A.Node
6. Sino
aortic reflex
7. Baro
receptor reflex
8. P-R.
Interval
9. Apex
beat
10. J.V.P.
11. Einthoven's law
Haematology
Long Questions
1. What
are different leukocytes" Describe the structure & functions of each
type.
2. Give
physiological variations (i) of each type. (ii) in total
W.B.C. count
3. Describe
leukopoiesis. What are the functions of leukocytes?
4. Name
different blood groups. Describe
how blood groups are determined? Briefly describe their clinical
impotence
5. Name
different blood groups. How are they determined? Describe the hazards of
mismatched blood transfusion
6. What
are different blood groups? Explain their physiological importance.
7. Describe
the synthesis, functions& fate of Haemoglobin
8. What
is erythropoiesis?" Describe the different stages of erythropoiesis &
its regulation
9. Name
different haemostatic mechanisms & describe the process of coagulation of
blood in detail
10. What is haemostasis?
What are different mechanisms of haemostasis. Briefly describe
intrinsic & extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
11. Describe in different
defense mechanisms of body, with special reference to role of lymphocytes in
immunity
12. What is immunity.
Describe various types of immunity & their role in defence
13. Describe the composition, mechanism of formation
& course of circulation of lymph
14. Describe the structure
& functions of spleen
15. Describe the physiology
of spleen
16. What is pH of blood?
explain its regulation
17. State normal value of
blood volume. Describe the dye dilution method for measuring blood
volume. Explain how it is
regulated
18. Describe regulation of blood
volume & describe any one method to measure it clinically
Short Notes
1. Lymph
gland
2. Rh.
Blood group
3. Rh.
Factor
4. Neutrophils
5. T
lymphocyte
6. Erythropoetin
7. Haemophilia
8. Phlebogram
9. Plasmapheresis
10. Reticulo
endothelial system
11. Absorption of
iron
12. Platelets
13. Thrombocytes
14. Viscocity of
blood
15. Anaemia
16. Anti-coagulants
17. Hazards of
mismatched blood transfusion
18. Measurement of blood
volume
19. Megaloblastic Anaemia
20. Arneth count maturation
factor
21. Function of lymph
22. Rh. Incompatibility
23. Functions of plasma
proteins
24. Plasma proteins
25. Functions of R.B.C.
26. Functions of W.B.C.
27. Functions of spleen
28. Measurement of total body
fluid
29. Capillary fluid exchange
30. Maturation factors
31. Maturation factors of
R.B.C.
32. PH regulation of blood
volume
33. Fibrinolysis
Nervous System
Long Questions.
1. Enumerate different descending tracts. Describe in detail origin, course & termination of pyramidal tracts. Give differences it & extrapyramidal systems.
2. Compare pyramidal & extrapyramidal systems. Briefly describe pyramidal tract.
3. Describe physiology of pyramidal tract in details
4. Describe the course of pyramidal tracts & mention the effects of its section in the internal capsule & in spinal cord-at various levels Describe the physiology of limbic system
5. Enumerate the ascending tracts seen in thoracic segment of spinal cord & explain pathway of touch sensation from left leg to cerebral cortex
6. Describe the pathway of touch sensation from right great toe to cortex , Describe the connections & functions of hypothalamus
7. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. Compare them with properties of condition reflex
8. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. What is the physiological importance of reflex action
9. Describe the structure & function of synapse. Explain their different. properties, Describe structure of synapse. Explain mechanism of synaptic transmission Name its different properties
10. Classify receptors. Describe their properties.
11. Describe & classify receptor organ & describe their properties.
12. Describe the structure of neuromuscular function & describe the process of neuromuscular junction.
13. What is posture? Describe the different the different reflex mechanisms involved in achieving & maintaining the upright posture
14. Describe connections & functions of hypothalamus
2. Compare pyramidal & extrapyramidal systems. Briefly describe pyramidal tract.
3. Describe physiology of pyramidal tract in details
4. Describe the course of pyramidal tracts & mention the effects of its section in the internal capsule & in spinal cord-at various levels Describe the physiology of limbic system
5. Enumerate the ascending tracts seen in thoracic segment of spinal cord & explain pathway of touch sensation from left leg to cerebral cortex
6. Describe the pathway of touch sensation from right great toe to cortex , Describe the connections & functions of hypothalamus
7. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. Compare them with properties of condition reflex
8. What is reflex action? Describe different properties of reflex action. What is the physiological importance of reflex action
9. Describe the structure & function of synapse. Explain their different. properties, Describe structure of synapse. Explain mechanism of synaptic transmission Name its different properties
10. Classify receptors. Describe their properties.
11. Describe & classify receptor organ & describe their properties.
12. Describe the structure of neuromuscular function & describe the process of neuromuscular junction.
13. What is posture? Describe the different the different reflex mechanisms involved in achieving & maintaining the upright posture
14. Describe connections & functions of hypothalamus
Short Notes
1. Membrane
potential
2. Pyramid
pathway
3. International
tremors
4. Decerebrate
rigidity
5. Parietal
lobe
6. Electromyogram
7. Salutatory conduction
8. Mechanism
of E.P.S.P.
9. Functions
of prefrontal lobe
10. Functions frontal lobe
11. Functions of hypothalamus
12. Properties of synapse
13. Prefrontal lobectomy
14. Brown Sequard syndrome
15. Cerebrospinal fluid
16. Give differences between
: Epinephrine & norepinephrine
17. Functions of cerebellum
Psychology
Short Notes
1. Cognition
2. Personality
3. Mental
retardation
4. Memory
5. Learning
6. Intelligence
7. Conditioned
learning
8.Long term memory
Respiratory system
Long Questions
1. Describe
the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissue cells
2. Describe
the transport of oxygen in atmosphere to the tissue cells
3. Describe
the transport of carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
4. Describe
chemical control of respiration
5. Describe
chemical regulation of respiration
6. Describe
neural regulation of respiration
7. Describe
the different types of hypoxias
8. Name
different volumes & capacities of lungs & describe how they are
measured
9. Describe
different volumes & capacities of lungs & their physiological
significance
10. Enumerate different
pulmonary function tests & describe how functional residual; volume is
measured
11. What is acclimatisation?
Discussion its effects on body.
12. Describe the
structure of respiratory membrane. Describe the process of change
of gases through it.
Short Notes
1. Bhor's effect
2. Lung capacities
3. Surfactant
4. Alveolar air
5. Acclimatisation
6. Asphyxia
7. Cyanosis
8. Halden effect
9. Respiratory membrane
10. Transport of carbon dioxide
11. Oxygen dissociation curve
12. Lung volumes &
capacities
13. Functional residual
capacity
14. Herring Bruer reflex
15. Timed vital capacity
16. Vital capacity
17. Compliance of lung
18. Dead space air
Endocrine System
Long Questions
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary & describe how their secretions are regulated
2. Enumerate
the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary & describe
functions of growth hormone
3. Describe
physiology of growth hormone
4. Describe
physiology of posterior pituitary hormones
5. Describe
synthesis, functions of posterior pituitary hormones.
6. Describe
synthesis, function, & regulations of thyroxin
7. Describe
how blood calcium level is regulated
8. Describe
role of parathyroid hormone in regulating serum calcium levels.
9. Describe
structure & functions of adrenal medulla
10. Name hormones
secreted by adrenal cortex & explain how aldosterone secretion is
regulated. Enumerate its functions
11. Name hormones saturated
by adrenal cortex. Describe functions & metabolic action of
gluco-corticoids
12. Describe the actions of
gluco-corticoids on body & describe the regulation of gluco corticoids
secretion
13. Describe the physiology
of oestrogens
14. Describe the physiology
of menstrual cycle
15. Describe the various
phases of menstrual cycle & their hormonal regulation
16. Describe the physiology
of lactation
17. Describe the role of
placenta during pregnancy
18. Enumerate various
pregnancy tests. Describe in detail the immunological test
19. Describe the process of
spermatogenesis & its control
20. Describe the functions of
testosterone & explain how its secretion is regulated
Short Notes.
1. Thyroxin
2. Growth hormone
3. A D H
4. Glycogen
5. Parathormone
6. Ovulation
7. Oxytocin
8. Myxoedema
9. Aldosterone
2. Growth hormone
3. A D H
4. Glycogen
5. Parathormone
6. Ovulation
7. Oxytocin
8. Myxoedema
9. Aldosterone
10. Pregnancy test
11. Hormones of post
pituitary
12. Blood Glucose level
13. Menstrual cycle
14. Functions of placenta
15. Spermatogenesis
16. Lactation
17. Puberty
18. Acromegaly
19. Gigantism
Special senses
Long Questions
1. Describe
the physiology of colour vision
2. Describe
the trichromatic theory of colour vision & explain colour blindness
3. Describe
Photochemistry of vision
4. Describe
the visual pathway. Explain the effects of damage at various
levels
5. What
is accommodation? Describe the mechanism of accommodation for near & far
vision. Mention the pathway of accommodation
6. Enumerate
different errors of refraction. Describe them in detail with their methods of correction.
7. Describe
the structure & functions of cochlea
8. Describe
the structure & functions of organ of Corti
9. Describe
the structure & functions of vestibular apparatus
10. Describe the role of
middle ear & internal ear in hearing
11. What is conduction &
nerve deafness. Describe the methods used to differentiate them
12. Explain theories of
frequency analysis
13. Describe the auditory
pathway. What are its peculiarities
Short Notes.
1. Hypermetropia
2. Myopia
3. Night
blindness
4. Colour
vision
5. Auditory
pathway
6. Pathway
of smell
7. Conduction
deafness
8. Light
reflex
9. Accommodation
reflex
10. Papillary reflex
11. Triple response
12. Errors of refraction
13.Middle ear deafness
14. Cochlear microphonic
potential
15. Taste sensation
16. Acqueous humour
17. Dark adaptation
18. Olfactory pathway
19. Vestibular pathway
20. Functions of urticle
21. Functions of middle
ear
22. Deafness
Miscellenous
Long Questions
1. Describe
the chemical changes during mechanical activity of skeletal muscle
2. Describe
the electromicroscopic structure of sarcomere & explain the mechanism of
skeletal muscle contraction
3. Describe
the structure of functions of muscle spindle
4. Describe
various mechanisms of heat gain & heat loss of the body & how
temperature is regulated
5. Describe the mechanism of
regulation of body temperature with special reference to role of skin
Short Notes
1. Muscle
spindle
2. Muscle
tetanus
3. Tetany
4. Fatigue
5. Fever
6. Sweating
7. Shivering
8. Functions
of skin
9. Sarcomere
10. Structure of sarcomere
11. Hypothalamic thermostat
12. Thermostatic center
13. Thermal change during
skeletal muscle contraction
14. Mechanism of heat gain by
body
15. Factors affecting tension
development in skeletal muscle
16. Excitation contraction
coupling
17. Tetanic contraction of
muscle
18. Tetanus in skeletal
muscle
19. Role of Ca in
muscle contraction
20. Staircase phenomena in
skeletal muscle
21. Isotonic & isometric
contraction
22. Strength duration curve
23. Structure & functions
of skin
24. Properties of skeletal
muscle
25. Sweat glands
26. Thermoregulation by skin
27.Ratchet theory of muscle contraction
Urinary System
Long Questions
Long Questions
1. Describe
the renal mechanism of regulation of water & electrolytes
2. Describe
the role of kidney in regulation of electrolytes & water balance in the
body
3. Name
renal functions tests. Describe various plasma clearance tests
Explain in details any one clearance test
4. What
is G.F.R. What are the different factors affecting it. How is it measured
5. Describe
mechanism of concentration & dilution of urine
6. Describe
the structure & function of nephron.
7. Draw
& describe parts of nephron. Briefly explain the functions of loop of Henle
8. Explain
the functions of the proximal tubule of nephron
9. Describe
the formation of urine
10. Describe how renal
circulation help kidneys to perform their function
11. Describe the role of
kidney in regulation of acid-base balance
12. Describe the acid-base
balance & its regulation
13. Describe the process of
filling & emptying of urinary bladder
Short Notes
1.
Chloride shift
2.
Renin
3. G.F.R.
4. Counter
current mechanism
5. Emptying
of urinary bladder
6. Cystometrogram
7. Obligatory
urine volume
8. Juxta-glomerular
apparatus
9. Distal
convoluted tubule
10. Micturation
11. Insulin clearance test
12. Urea clearance test
13. P.A.H clearance test
14. Peculiarities of renal
circulation
15. Auto regulation of renal
blood flow
16. Renal regulation of blood
pressure
17. Action of ADH of renal
tubules
18. Functions of proximal
convoluted tubules
G. I. T.
Full Questions
1. Describe
composition, functions & regulation of pancreatic juice
2. Describe
composition, functions & regulation of gastric juice
3. Describe
composition, functions & regulation o& mechanism of salivary secretion
4. Name
different constituents of succus entericus. Describe the secretion,
regulation, & functions of each constituent.
5. Give
an account of composition, formation, & functions of bile
6. Enumerate
the liver function tests. Describe the functions of bile salts
7. Name
the G.I.T. Hormones & describe their functions
8. Describe
functions of stomach.
9. Describe
process of deglutination
10. Describe process of
emptying of stomach
11. Describe the different
movements of small intestine
Biochemistry
Long Questions
1. Classify
proteins. Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
2. Classify
fats. Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
3. Classify
carbohydrates Describe its digestion & absorption in G.I.T.
4. Classify
proteins & give the physiological role of essential amino acids in body
5. Describe
digestion, absorption, & metabolism of fats
6. What
are lipids? Classify them & describe how they are digested & absorbed
in body
7. What
is balanced diet? Describe how balanced diet for adult pregnant lady is
calculated
8. Prescribe
a balanced diet for an adult female
9. Describe
how balanced diet for a medical college student is calculated
10. Describe the principles
of prescribing a balanced diet. Prescribe a suitable diet for a lactating
mother
11. Describe the glycolytic
pathway
12. What is B.M.R? How is
measured? Describe the factors affecting it
13. Describe how blood
glucose level is regulated in the body
14. Describe metabolic
actions of insulin. Describe regulation of insulin secretion 091
15. Enumerate sources of
iron. Describe the functions of iron in the body. Briefly explain how iron is
absorbed & stored in the body.
16. Describe T C A cycle
& give its significance
17. Classify vitamins. Give
the sources, daily requirements & physiological importance of each vitamin
18. Enumerate fat soluble
vitamins & describe the detail vitamin A that Prevents night blindness
19. Enumerate water soluble
vitamins. Give their sources, physiology functions, effects of deficiency of
them
20. Give the sources
physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin A
21. Give the sources
physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin B complex
22. Give the sources
physiological role and daily requirement of vitamin D
23. Describe the beta-oxidation of
palmitic acid in detail.
Short Notes
1. Vitamin
A
2. Vitamin
C
3. Vitamin
B12
4. Vitamin
B3
5. Thiamine
6. Niacin
7. Trypsinogen
8. Gastrin
Secretion
9. Defecation
10. Rhodopsin cycle
11. Glycogenolysis
12. Pancreatic juice
13. Pancreatic enzymes
14. B.M.R
15. Enterokinase
16. Cholecystokinin
17. T.C.A. Cycle
18. Kreb's Cycle
19. Insulin
20. Isoenzymes
21. Iron absorption
22. Iron metabolism
23. Bile salts
24. Deglutition
25. D.N.A.
26. Active transport
27. Na Co-transport
28. R.N.A.
29. Lactic dehydrogenase
30. Functions of large
intestine
31. Entero-hepatic
circulation of bile salts
32. Factors affecting enzyme
activity
33. Vitamin D
34. Deglutition reflex
35. Absorption of amino acids
36. Essential amino acids
37. Facilitated amino acids
38. Essential fatty acids
39. Gastro colic reflex
40. Enterogastric reflex
41. Regulation of salivary
secretion
42. Role of calcium in body
43. Absorption of fats
44. Succus entericus
45. Liver function tests
46. Glucose tolerance test
47. Hormones of G.I.T
48. Glycolytic pathways
49. Functions of gastric
juice
50. Gastric analysis
51. Absorption of
carbohydrates
52. Movements of large
intestine
53. Simple diffusion
54. Facilitated diffusion
55. Beta oxidation of fats
56. Embeden Meyeroff's
Pathway
57. Pauvolv's pouch
58. A.T.P.
59. Functions of saliva
60. Cyclical A.M.P.
61. Movements of small
intestine
62. Role of Vitamin A in
vision
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